Assessing the Zoom learning experience of the elderly under the effects of COVID in Hong Kong: application of the IPO model

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the perceptions of elderly learners in experiencing Zoom learning under the effects of COVID in the case of Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approachAn online survey and focus group interviews have been conducted with quantitative and qualitative approaches, respectively. The survey design was based on the input-process-output (IPO) model conceptual framework and used to assess students' perceptions regarding their Zoom learning experiences at the Elder Academy of Hong Kong Metropolitan University. Thereafter, selected students were invited to participate in focus group interviews to offer more in-depth comments for analysis purposes. Statistical Product and Service Solutions software and SmartPLS were used for data analysis of the survey, and content analysis was used to summarize opinions from the focus group interviews;thus, a comprehensive picture of elderly learners' learning experiences on Zoom is presented. FindingsAn overall positive perception was the result of elderly learners' Zoom learning journeys, particularly in the "input" and "process" stages of the IPO model. Yet, their perception of the "learning outcomes achieved" level in the "output" stage was lower among the rest, thus strongly affected by the factors of "interactions" and "teaching" experienced by elderly learners on Zoom. Although the perception of the youngest age group was more positive, none have agreed that Zoom learning was more favourable when compared with the traditional face-to-face mode. Originality/valueGiven Zoom as the short-term replacement option under the COVID pandemic, this study will provide recommendations for educators/institutions to improve their design of the whole learning process for elderly learners on the Zoom platform.

Global Pandemic and Human Security: Using Health-EDRM Risk Assessment Framework to Enhance Technology Support for DRR

‘Biological hazard' is regarded as a major human security threat to people's well-being and development. In the era of globalisation and rapid technological development, COVID-19 pandemic once again revealed how an emerging communicable disease might impact not only health but also the socioeconomic ecology of people globally, while the related health risk can be mitigated by the employment of appropriate technology. The chapter examines how the latest World Health Organization Health-EDRM framework (2019) may inform the conceptualisation and assessment of health risks and proposes a Health-EDRM assessments framework for biological hazard. A case study of how health risks and vulnerability associated with home care may be reduced by employing technology in non-standard living context during pandemic and a case study of community resilience and community engagement are also included. The discussion also puts Health-EDRM framework into a human security perspective. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.

Recent Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Application

Recent advances in carbohydrate chemistry and glycobiology have led to a better understanding of carbohydrates and the associated biological glycosylation in biology. This report describes new advances in carbohydrate synthesis and its application to the understanding of glycosylation in protein folding, cancer progression, influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of carbohydrate-based medicines. © The AIC 2023. All rights reserved.

Proteomics research of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease

Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still spreading in a global scale, exerting a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. Deep insights into the molecular functions of the viral proteins and the pathogenesis of this infectious disease are urgently needed. In this review, we comprehensively describe the proteome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and summarize their protein interaction map with host cells. In the protein interaction network between the virus and the host, a total of 787 host prey proteins that appeared in at least two studies or were verified by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Together with 29 viral proteins, a network of 1762 proximal interactions were observed. We also review the proteomics results of COVID-19 patients and proved that SARS-CoV-2 hijacked the host's translation system, post-translation modification system, and energy supply system via viral proteins, resulting in various immune disorders, multiple cardiomyopathies, and cholesterol metabolism diseases. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

A Short Commentary of the Dandelion and its Application for COVID-19

Dandelion is a herbal plant recorded in the China Pharmacopoeia of a People's Republic. It contains useful chemical constituents or active ingredients with pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antibacterial properties. Since COVID-19 has happened for over three years, there is no reasonable treatment up to the display. This brief commentary introduces the knowledge of dandelion, the background of COVID-19, and dandelion's mechanisms of pharmaceutical activities because it may be a conceivable candidate for combating SARS-CoV-2. © 2022 by the authors.

Impact of Covid Vaccination on Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients - a Renal and Extra-Renal Outcome Study

Introduction: Covid-19 vaccinations are effective as preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic infection. There are different types of COVID-19 vaccines available worldwide. The impacts of different types COVID-19 vaccination on hospitalized patients remained uncertain at the early stage of the outbreak. This study examines the clinical outcomes of vaccinated and vaccine naive hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Method(s): This is a retrospective study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients admitted into University Malaya Medical Center from January 2021 until June 2021. Data on patients who were>= 18 years old and hospitalized for >= 48 hours for confirmed COVID-19 infection were captured. Clinical parameters and demographic of patients were collected from electronic medical records (EMR). Vaccine status was determined based on EMR entry and retrospective phone interviews. 2 cohorts of patients were classified based on their COVID vaccination status, and outcome analysis was done with appropriate statistical methods. Result(s): A total of 1529 patients were captured with a male-to-female ratio of 759 (49.6%) and 770 (50.3%). The median age was 55 (IQR: 36-66). 182 patients (12%) received COVID-19 vaccination before admission. The types of COVID vaccination received by patients were Pfizer (n=127;8.4%), AstraZeneca (n=27;1.8%), and Sinovac (n=28;1.8%) respectively.107 patients (7.1%) received two doses of vaccine, 72 patients had one dose (4.7%), and three were injected with three doses (0.2%). Biochemical analysis showed that the vaccination naive group has a higher median of lymphocyte counts (17 vs. 2.02;p<0.001), ferritin (363 vs 221;p=0.001), serum creatinine (67 vs 63;p=0.032). Renal outcome data revealed that unvaccinated patients had more incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) (92.9% vs 7.1%;p=0.002) and increased level proteinuria (88.5% vs 11.5%;p= 0.011). Covid-19 vaccination group had lower incidence rate of pneumonia (8.9% vs 91.1%;p<0.001), lower ventilator use (4.8% vs 95.2%;p=0.01), and lower ICU admission (5.1% vs 94.9%;p<0.001) compared to vaccine-naive group. The mortality rate was lower 5.2% (n=7) in COVID-19 vaccination compared to 94.8% (n=127) vaccine-naive group;p=0.012. [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): In our study, COVID-19 vaccination effectively lowered the incidence of AKI, pneumonia, ICU admission, and mortality translating to better overall outcome. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023

Aki in Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients- an Epidemiology Study in a Tertiary Center

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related acute kidney injury (AKI) is a recognized complication of the disease and may result in high morbidity and mortality rate. The reported incidence and outcome vary worldwide. This study aimed to assess the AKI rate in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and identify risk predictors/prognosticator associated with the complication. Method(s): This is a retrospective study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at the University Malaya Medical Center admitted from January 2021 until June 2021. Data on patients who were>= 18 years old and hospitalized for >= 48 hours for confirmed COVID-19 infection were captured. Clinical parameters and demographic of patients were collected from electronic medical records. The staging of AKI was based on criteria as per KDIGO guidelines. Result(s): A total of 1529 patients were found to have fulfilled the criteria for the study with a male-to-female ratio of 759 (49.6%) to 770 (50.3%). The median age was 55 (IQR: 36-66). 500 patients (32.7%) had diabetes, 621 (40.6%) had hypertension, and 5.6% (n=85) had pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence rate of AKI was 21.1% (n=323). The proportion of different AKI stages of 1,2 and 3 were 16.3%, 2.1%, and 2.7%, respectively. A total of 15 hospitalized patients (0.98%) needed dialysis. 190 patients (58.8%) of AKI group had complete recovery of renal function. Demographic factors that were associated with an increased risk of developing AKI included: age (p< 0.001), diabetes (p<0.001), hypertension (p<0.001), CKD (p<0.001) and vaccination status (p=0.002). Analysis of biochemical parameters in AKI cohort revealed statistically significant lower lymphocytes & platelet counts, higher ferritin levels, and poorer renal function (creatinine based)) compared with the non-AKI cohort. Outcome analysis in our cohort revealed that AKI was associated with prolonged hospitalization (p<0.001) and higher mortality rates with P< 0.001). [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): AKI is a common complication among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The increased risk was associated with underlying comorbidities and had an adverse outcome on patient morbidity and mortality. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023

An Optimized Deep Learning Model for Automatic Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images

COVID-19 has caused havoc throughout the world in the last two years by infecting over 455 million people. Development of automatic diagnosis software tools for rapid screening of COVID-19 via clinical imaging such as X-ray is vital to combat this pandemic. An optimized deep learning model is designed in this paper to perform automatic diagnosis on the chest X-ray (CXR) images of patients and classify them into normal, pneumonia and COVID-19 cases. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed in optimized deep learning model given its excellent performances in feature extraction and classification. A particle swarm optimization with multiple chaotic initialization scheme (PSOMCIS) is also designed to fine tune the hyperparameters of CNN, ensuring the proper training of network. The proposed deep learning model, namely PSOMCIS-CNN, is evaluated using a public database consists of the CXR images with normal, pneumonia and COVID-19 cases. The proposed PSOMCIS-CNN is revealed to have promising performances for automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 cases by producing the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F1 score values of 97.78%, 97.77%, 98.8%, 97.77% and 97.77%, respectively. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Performance Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network for COVID-19 Diagnosis

COVID-19 has devastated the global healthcare system as well as the world economy with more than 600 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths globally. A timely and accurate diagnosis of the disease plays a vital role in the treatment and preventative spread of disease. Recently, deep learning such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved extraordinary results in many applications such as medical classifications. This work focuses on investigating the performance of nine state-of-the-art architectures: Alexnet, Googlenet, Inception-v3, Mobilenet-v2, Resnet-18, Resnet-50, Shufflenet, Squeezenet and Resnet-50 RCNN for COVID-19 classification by comparing with performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and F-score. The datasets considered in current study are divided into three different classes namely Normal Chest X-Rays (CXRs), Pneumonia patient CXR and COVID-19 patient CXR. The results achieved shows that Resnet-50 RCNN achieved an accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and F-score of 95.67%, 95.71%, 95.67%, 97.84% and 95.67% respectively. © The 2023 International Conference on Artificial Life and Robotics (ICAROB2023).

Persistent respiratory failure in severe COVID-19 patients - A tertiary centre experience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Background: The evidence for management of severe COVID-19 with persistent respiratory failure (PRF) after acute treatment is scarce, despite some authors reported a good response to corticosteroid in histological proven secondary organising pneumonia (OP). Objective(s): This study aimed to study the disease course of COVID-19 patients with persistent respiratory failure, and its radiological pattern. Method(s): A single centre retrospective cohort study on severe COVID-19 patients was conducted from January 2021 to June 2021. All radiological imaging and data were retrieved from electronic database. Result(s): Severe COVID-19 pneumonia had a 78% (584/750) survival in our cohort. Among the survival, 48% (279/584) had PRF beyond 14 days of illness and 10% of them required oxygen therapy upon discharge. Eighty-six percent (240/279) of patients with PRF had a HRCT performed. Eighty percent (187/240) of them attended clinic follow up with 81% had a radiological pattern consistent with OP. The mean severity CT score was 10 (SD+/-3). [Jin C et al. Front Public Heal.2020;8] Seventy-eight percent of patients were perceived with WHO functional class of 1-2. Sixty-eight percent of patients (128/187) were given short course of prednisolone during admission with tapering doses. The mean prednisolone dose was 0.69mg/kg/day with a mean duration of 47 days (SD+/-18). Seventy-eight percent (146/187) had a follow up chest x-ray (CXR) at 12+/-8 weeks. Only 6.4% (12/187) of them had abnormal CXR findings whereby two patients were later confirmed to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion(s): Radiological pattern of OP is common in COVID-19 with PRF. HRCT is a non-invasive tool to assess this entity.

Safety of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccines in patients with heart failure: A self-controlled case series study

Background: COVID-19 vaccines are important for patients with heart failure (HF) to prevent severe outcomes but the safety concerns could lead to vaccine hesitancy. This study aimed to investigate the safety of two COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac, in patients with HF. Methods: We conducted a self-controlled case series analysis using the data from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and the Department of Health. The primary outcome was hospitalization for HF and the secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all hospitalization. We identified patients with a history of HF before February 23, 2021 and developed the outcome event between February 23, 2021 and March 31, 2022 in Hong Kong. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated using conditional Poisson regression to evaluate the risks following the first three doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac. Findings: We identified 32,490 patients with HF, of which 3035 were vaccinated and had a hospitalization for HF during the observation period (BNT162b2 = 755;CoronaVac = 2280). There were no increased risks during the 0–13 days (IRR 0.64 [95% confidence interval 0.33–1.26];0.94 [0.50–1.78];0.82 [0.17–3.98]) and 14–27 days (0.73 [0.35–1.52];0.95 [0.49–1.84];0.60 [0.06–5.76]) after the first, second and third doses of BNT162b2. No increased risks were observed for CoronaVac during the 0–13 days (IRR 0.60 [0.41–0.88];0.71 [0.45–1.12];1.64 [0.40–6.77]) and 14–27 days (0.91 [0.63–1.32];0.79 [0.46–1.35];1.71 [0.44–6.62]) after the first, second and third doses. We also found no increased risk of MACE or all hospitalization after vaccination. Interpretation: Our results showed no increased risk of hospitalization for HF, MACE or all hospitalization after receiving BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines in patients with HF. Funding: The project was funded by a Research Grant from the Food and Health Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Ref. No. COVID19F01). F.T.T.L. (Francisco T.T. Lai) and I.C.K.W. (Ian C.K. Wong)'s posts were partly funded by the D24H;hence this work was partly supported by AIR@InnoHK administered by Innovation and Technology Commission. © 2022 The Authors

Elder wellness during COVID-19: a student-directed intergenerational virtual discussion group

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic saw increased loneliness and social isolation among older adults as activities and visitor opportunities for residential communities closed down. Health professional students have limited access to geriatric education in coursework and clinical experiences. The Recreation and Education Network for Elder Wellness (RENEW) programme was created by medical students at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, aiming to increase engagement and cross-generational communication with older adults, while also decreasing social isolation and loneliness. Method: The RENEW programme included Zoom sessions with two Houston retirement communities led by student facilitators enrolled in medical, dental, and undergraduate programmes on a variety of topics of interest for the residents. Pre- and post-surveys were sent to participants and requested non-identifying biographical data and included the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Results: Facilitators and participants expressed high satisfaction with the programme. Survey results on the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale showed that participants had an overall decreased loneliness score after participation in RENEW. Student facilitators reported increased exposure to care of older adults and self-reported confidence in communicating with this population. Conclusions: The RENEW model is a collaborative, bidirectional educational tool for older adults and students with possible applications following the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 Australian Psychological Society.

Developing and Marketing Tourist Attractions in Ethnic Minority Destinations: Dilemmas from the supply-side in Congjiang, China

While the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the increasing popularity of rural and ethnic tourism, little research has examined what ethnic minority resources should be included as tourist attractions in their development stage. Building upon the seminal work of Leiper's tourist attraction system, this paper reveals what and how ethnic resources are selected and included in tour itineraries, in particular in rural areas where tourism development has started recently. The findings that are drawn from a field study, thematic interviews, and the analysis of government-endorsed promotional materials of Congjiang show that, apart from the intrinsic cultural value, the tour inclusion value that incorporates accessibility and the capacity of supporting facilities does not merely play the 'conditioning role' but instead becomes a prerequisite in an ethnic minority destination that is rurally situated.

Processing a White Supremacist Insurrection Through Hip-Hop Mixtape Making: A School Counseling Intervention

In this New York City, New York-based study, we made use of a Critical Cycle of Mixtape Creation (CCMC) intervention to examine a Bangladeshi high school student's understanding of justice, and the impact of injustice on his well-being, through his creation of and reflection on original hip-hop song lyrics. The student participated in the CCMC intervention amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing Black Lives Movement, and crucially the white supremacist insurrection on January 6, 2021. Findings indicate that the CCMC enabled the student to process systemic racism and injustices with peers on his own terms and to further develop a knowledge of self. This study offers practical insights for school counselors to use hip-hop interventions with youth to collectively process the world around them.

Intersectionality Lens to Female Elderly's Mobile Usage Experience under COVID-19: An Intimate or Intimidating Relationship?

Due to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, mobile technologies, services, and Internet connectivity have become critical among the Malaysian elderly as an alternative to staying actively and socially connected. However, the elderly find it difficult to adapt to online technology tools with restricted skills under technology challenges. Studies related to mobile adoption and usage experiences among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic or endemic are not rigorously conducted by researchers. Little discussion was focused specifically on aging and gender perspectives, including the importance of an intersectionality lens in understanding the interconnected factors that influence one's ability to benefit from technology. To fill in the research gaps, this paper aims to use an intersectionality lens to identify experiences on how female elderly use their mobile phones and services, as women are constantly underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) studies. The study employed qualitative case studies method with seven older women in Malaysia, 60 to 77 years old, using multiple data sources through semi-structured interviews, mobile walkthrough, and diary studies. Data were transcribed and analyzed by categorizing the key themes digitally using Nvivo. The findings showed that mobile culture and supportive environment;family roles;socialization;education and economic backgrounds;digital literacy level;well-being;and motivation were interconnected, shaping the experiences of the seven female elderly in accessing, learning, and using their mobile phones. This study has built an understanding of the intersecting factors that can contribute to a more inclusive society, especially in promoting the elderly to embrace mobile technologies in their lives.

Safety of Inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination among Patients Treated for Hypothyroidism: a Population-based Cohort Study

Background: Thyroiditis and Graves’ disease have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. Patients with hypothyroidism due to various etiologies may be at risk of thyroid-specific outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the risks of thyroid-specific outcomes and adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination among patients treated for hypothyroidism. Methods: In this population-based cohort from Hong Kong Hospital Authority electronic health records with Department of Health vaccination records linkage, levothyroxine users were categorized into unvaccinated, vaccinated with BNT162b2 (mRNA vaccine) or CoronaVac (inactivated vaccine) between 23 February and 9 September 2021. Propensity score (PS) weighting with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to balance the baseline characteristics among the three groups, which included age, sex, history of COVID-19, health care utilization, comorbidities, baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (within the 6 months before the index date), and recent use of medications including anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering agents. Study outcomes were dosage reduction or escalation in levothyroxine, emergency department visit, unscheduled hospitalization, adverse events of special interest (AESI) according to World Health Organization's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, and all-cause mortality. Results: In total, 47,086 levothyroxine users were identified (BNT162b2: n=12,310;CoronaVac: n=11,353;unvaccinated: n=23,423). After PS weighting, all baseline characteristics had standardised differences of less than 0.2, implying a balance of covariates among the three groups. COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with increased risks of levothyroxine dosage reduction (BNT162b2: HR=0.971, 95% CI 0.892–1. 058;CoronaVac: HR=0.968, 95% CI 0.904–1. 037) or escalation (BNT162b2: HR=0.779, 95% CI 0.519–1.169;CoronaVac: HR=0.715, 95% CI 0.481–1. 062). Besides, COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with a higher risk of emergency department visits (BNT162b2: HR=0.944, 95% CI 0.700-1.273;CoronaVac: HR=0.851, 95% CI 0.647-1.120) or unscheduled hospitalization (BNT162b2: HR=0.905, 95% CI 0.539-1.520;CoronaVac: HR=0.735, 95% CI 0.448-1.207). There were two (0. 016%) deaths and six (0. 062%) AESI recorded for BNT162b2 recipients, and one (0. 009%) and three (0. 035%) for CoronaVac recipients, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were performed by stratifying the groups according to age, sex and pre-vaccination thyroid status. The results were largely consistent with the main analysis. Conclusion: BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccination is not associated with unstable thyroid status or an increased risk of adverse outcomes among patients treated for hypothyroidism. These reassuring data should encourage them to get vaccinated against COVID-19 for protection from potentially worse COVID-19-related outcomes.Presentation: No date and time listed

Incidence of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria in hospitalised COVID-19 infected patients: A single centre experience

Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19 has rapidly evolved to global pandemic since December 2019. Kidney injury is commonly associated with COVID-19 infection. The majority of reports strongly support that acute tubular injury is the primary lesion driving AKI in COVID-19. Our objective of this study is to identify the incidence of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria in COVID-19 patients admitted to Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar. Material(s) and Method(s): This is a single centred, retrospective cross-sectional study examining the records of patients infected with COVID-19 admitted to Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah from September 13 till December 28, 2020. We excluded patients with pre-existing medical illnesses. These patients had urine dipstick tests done upon admission. Result(s): A total of 160 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 34.6 years, 43.8% were male and 56.2% were female patients. The median serum creatinine level was 68 mumol/L. Patients were categorised into different severity of COVID-19 infection on admission, 46% category 1, 22% category 2, 18% category 3, 13 % category 4, 1% category 5. The incidence of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were 20.3% and 14.4% respectively on admission. The incidence of combined proteinuria and microscopic hematuria was 5.0%. Conclusion(s): In our study, proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were relatively common in different categories of COVID-19 infection even without preexisting chronic illnesses.The incidence of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria in our study are comparable to other studies. More data is needed to distinguish patients who had preexisting proteinuria and microscopic hematuria prior to presentation from those developed denovo in hospital.

EFFECTS OF 4 WEEKS OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON AUTONOMIC BALANCE IN ADULTS CONFINED BY COVID-19

Objective;to analyze the short-term effects of a 4-week High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) remotely targeted young adults confined by COVID-19. Material and Methods;Short-term comparative descriptive cross-sectional study. Fifteen adults, normal weight, physically active with normal sleep quality, evaluated in Body Mass Index (BMI), Metabolic equivalent of task (METs) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) prior intervention participated. A HIIT 30:30 program was developed for 4 weeks, where 2 times a week for a period of 5 min duration, the low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio and standard deviation of the instantaneous variation of the RR intervals (SD1). Results;The LF (p = 0.96;d = 0.01), HF (p = 0.96;d = 0.01), LF/HF (p = 0.57;d = 0.08) and SD1 (p = 0.40;d = 0.15) did not report significant mean changes before and after evaluation. Conclusion;a 4-week 30:30 HIIT protocol is not an effective stimulus to generate acute and chronic adaptations to the HRV, being the slight tendency towards normal values of HRV a key indicator in the prevention of sedentary lifestyle generated by the measures of confinement by COVID-19. © 2022 Didactic Asociation Andalucia. All rights reserved.